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. Woollacott, On Her Their Lives Depend, pp.18-22

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. Pamuk, The Ottoman Economy in World War I, p.121

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M. See-for-instance, C. Mustafa, and . Cepheye, ?htiyat Zabiti Bulundu?um S?rada Cihan Harbinde Kanal, Çanakkale ve Kafkas Cephelerine Ait Hat?ralar?m, vol.1, pp.87-88, 1940.

F. Georgeon, Enine boyuna çal?p ç?rpt?lar Ad?na dediler millî ticaret Ka??t k?rpar gibi yurdu k?rpt?lar Git art?k bin kopuk daha tüccar et, Capitale d'un monde illusoire ou l'agonie des vieux empires, vol.396, pp.1-2, 1918.

?. Toprak, . Ve-cihan, and . Harbi, , pp.7-8

A. Emin, Turkey in the World War, pp.147-148

, Table 2. Rise in the Cost of Living after, 1914.

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, For the political developments which ended the Ottoman Empire, see A. L. Macfie, The End of the Ottoman Empire, 1998.

. Özdemir, Doküman ve Foto?raflarla 1. ve 2. Dünya Sava?lar? Özeti, p. 71; and Tunaya, Türkiye'de Siyasal Partiler, vol.3, p.628

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A. and B. Kls, , pp.47-48, 1827.

. Erickson, Ordered to Die, p.211

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. Erickson, Ordered to Die, p.211

. Pamuk, The Ottoman Economy in World War I, p.117

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?. Selçuk and Y. Selahattin, Quoted in Özdemir, The Ottoman Army, Roman?, vol.1, p.162, 1975.

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A. Emin, Turkey in the World War, pp.240-241

. Ekrem, K. Turkey-;-esat, T. Ertur, and . Yelleri, See also, p.124, 1994.

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. Ibid, See also, Sabri Özer, Topra??n Sanc?s?, pp.24-25, 2008.

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G. K. Esenel and . Kitap, , p.17

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B. and D. ?. Um, , vol.89, pp.22-1334, 1916.

B. and D. ?. Um, , 1920.

. Ibid,

B. and D. ?. Um, , p.1334, 1916.

A. Emin, Turkey in the World War, p.155

L. ?â?e-kanunu, 1332-1333 Meclis-i Mebusan Encümen Mazbatalar? ve Levayih-i Kanuniyye, Devre: 3, ?çtima Senesi: 3, pp.587-594

, Düstûr, Tertîb-i Sânî, vol.9, pp.646-648, 1917.

?. Toprak, . Terakki-ve-cihan, and . Harbi, ?a?e-i Umumiyye Kararnamesi, Düstûr, Tertîb-i Sânî, vol.554, pp.708-710, 1917.

. ?a?e-i-umumiyye and . Kanunu, Düstûr, Tertîbi Sânî, vol.10, pp.427-431, 1918.

B. and D. ?. Um, 88-3/4-30, 6 Cemâziyelevvel 1334, 1916.

B. and D. ?. Um, 14 Safer 1335, pp.98-102, 1916.

. See-for-example, D. ?. Boa, and . Um, , pp.98-102, 1336.

B. and D. ?. Um, , p.15, 1918.

B. , D. ?. Um, and . Ek, , vol.46, pp.28-1336, 1918.

. See-for-example, D. ?. Boa, . Um, and . Ek, , 1917.

. See-for-example, D. ?. Boa, and . Um, , pp.88-91, 1916.

B. , D. ?. Um, and . Ek, , 1916.

B. , D. ?. Um, and . Ek, , vol.30, pp.22-1335, 1917.

, Düstûr, Tertîb-i Sânî, vol.5, pp.34-35, 1912.

, See also "Taht-? Silâha Al?nan Muinsiz Efrad Ailelerine Tahsis-i Maa?at ?çin 1329 Maliye Bütçesine Tahsisat-? Fevkalade Olarak 10,000,000 Kuru?un Sarf? Hakk?nda Kanun, p. 97. 653 "Taht-? Silâha Al?nan Muinsiz Efrad Ailelerine Muhassas Maa?at ?çin 1329 Maliye Bütçesine Tahsisat-? Fevkalâde Olarak 10.000.000 Kuru?un Sarf? Hakk?nda Kanun-u Muvakkat, vol.5, p.1181, 1913.

, Muinsiz Efrad Aileleri ?çin 1329 Maliye Bütçesine Zamimen 5,000,000 Kuru?un Sarf? Hakk?nda Kanun-? Muvakkat, vol.6, p.0, 1914.

K. Sarf?-hakk?nda-kanun, Düstûr, Tertîb-i Sânî, vol.8, p.1085

, Meclis-i Mebusân ?tâ Edilip Haklar?nda ?stid'a Encümenince Mukarrerât ?ttihaz Edilen ?stid'alar? Mübeyyin Haftal?k Cedveldir, 1332-1333 Meclis-i Mebusan Encümen Mazbatalar? ve Levayih-i Kanuniyye, Devre: 3, ?çtima Senesi: 4, vol.767, p.324

. Ibid, Meclis-i Mebusana ?ta Edilip Haklar?nda ?stida Encümenince Mukarrerat ?ttihaz Edilen ?stidalar? Mübeyyin Haftal?k Cetveldir, 1332-1333 Meclis-i Mebusan Encümen Mazbatalar? ve Levayih-i Kanuniyye, Devre: 3, ?çtima Senesi: 3, vol.770, p.861

, Meclis-i Mebusâna ?tâ Edilip Haklar?nda ?stid'a Encümenince Mukarrerât ?ttihaz Edilen ?stid'alar? Mübeyyin Haftal?k Cedveldir, 1332-1333 Meclis-i Mebusan Encümen Mazbatalar? ve Levayih-i Kanuniyye, Devre: 3, ?çtima Senesi: 3, vol.778, p.318

B. See and D. E. Vrk, , vol.15, 1915.

B. and D. E. Klu, , vol.9

, Ramazan 1333, 1915.

B. and D. M. Hps, , vol.155, pp.17-1333, 1915.

B. See, D. ?. , B. , and D. ?. Um, , vol.26, p.1333, 1915.

, Meclis-i Mebusan 1331 (1915) Senesi Encümen Mazbatalar? ve Levâyih-i Kanuniyye, vol.1, pp.87-88, 1331.

S. Bütçesi, 1332-1333 Meclis-i Mebusan Encümen Mazbatalar? ve Levayih-i Kanuniyye, Devre: 3, ?çtima Senesi: 3, pp.662-663

D. Müdîriyyet-i-umûmiyyesi-te?kîli-ve-müteferriât?-hakk?nda-kanûn, 2 Nisan 1333 / 10 Cemâziyelâhir 1335, vol.9, pp.575-576, 1917.

, Dârüleytâmlar Müdîriyyet-i Umûmiyyesinin 1333 Senesi Büdce Kanûnu

, Düstûr, Tertîb-i Sânî, vol.9, pp.601-602, 1917.

, Senesi Darüleytamlar Müdüriyeti Umûmiyyesi Masraf Bütçesinin Birinci Fasl?n?n ?kinci ve Dördüncü Maddeleri ile Maliye Nezaretinin Sene-i Mezkure Bütçesinin Otuzdokuzuncu Darüleytamlar Fasl? Tahsisat?na '42.060.402' Kuru? ?lavesi Hakk?nda Lâyiha-i Kanuniyye, p.1332

M. ?. Güzel, 1908 Kad?nlar?, Tarih ve Toplum, vol.2, p.8, 1984.

I. I. Kurnaz, . Me?rutiyet-döneminde-türk, and . Kad?n?, Manufacturing in the Ottoman Empire and in Republican Turkey, ca, Manufacturing in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey, p.131, 1900.

D. Quataert, Ottoman Women, Households, and Textile Manufacturing, 1800-1914," in Workers, Peasants and Economic Change in the Ottoman Empire, p.85, 1993.

K. Y?lmaz-koca, Osmanl?'da Kad?n ve ?ktisat (?stanbul: Beyan Yay?nlar?, pp.96-97, 1998.

. Caporal, . Kemalizm'de-ve-kemalizm, and . Sonras?nda, , p.136

. Y?lmaz-koca and . Osmanl?'da-kad?n-ve-?ktisat, , p.152

. Ibid, Suraiya Faroqhi writes that owners or users of almost half of the spinning mills in Bursa in 1678 were women. See Suraiya Faroqhi, Osmanl? Dünyas?'nda Üretmek, Pazarlamak ve Ya?amak, addition, p.240, 2003.

R. Yaraman, . Tarihten-kad?n, and . Tarihine, , p.101

. Y?lmaz-koca and . Osmanl?'da-kad?n-ve-?ktisat, , p.81

D. Quataert, The Age of Reforms, p.904

. Kaplano?lu and . Me?rutiyet'ten-cumhuriyet'e-bursa, , p.56

D. Quataert, Ottoman Manufacturing in the Nineteenth Century, Manufacturing in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey, p.137, 1994.

D. Quataert, Ottoman Women, Households, and Textile Manufacturing, pp.87-88

D. Quataert, Premières fumées d'usines: Some General Factors Favoring the Development of Industry in Salonica, Workers, Peasants and Economic Change in the Ottoman Empire, p.170

R. Yaraman, . Tarihten-kad?n, and . Tarihine, , pp.99-100

. Caporal, Kemalizmde ve Kemalizm Sonras?nda, p.137

O. K. Çak?r and . Hareketi, , p.221

. Ibid, , pp.219-220

F. Davis, The Ottoman Lady: A Social History from 1718 to, p.52, 1918.

K. Elif-ekin-ak?it and . Sessizli?i, , pp.92-93, 2005.

O. K. Çak?r and . Hareketi, , p.221

K. Ak?it and . Sessizli?i, , p.93

?. Ortayl?, . ?mparatorlu?un-en-uzun, and . Yüzy?l?, ?stanbul: ?leti?im Yay?nlar?, vol.9, pp.188-189, 2001.

F. Davis, The Ottoman Lady, p. 55; and Çak?r, p.224

C. Kurnaz and . Kad?n?, , pp.86-87

O. K. Çak?r and . Hareketi, , p.224

C. Kurnaz and . Kad?n?, , p.86

O. K. Çak?r and . Hareketi, , p.224

J. Hester-donaldson, Behind Turkish Lattices: The Story of a Turkish Woman's Life (Piscataway, pp.189-192, 2004.

O. K. Çak?r and . Hareketi, , p.264

. Ibid, , pp.296-297

S. Zekeriya, Kad?nlara Çal??ma Hakk?, 1919.

, Quoted and translated in Nur Bilge Criss, Istanbul under Allied Occupation, p.23, 1999.

W. Karak??la, War and Work in the Ottoman Empire, p.51

. Criss, Istanbul under Allied Occupation, p.23

C. Kurnaz and . Kad?n?, , p.145

M. Mills and P. , Women, Modern Turkey: A Politico-Economic Interpretation, pp.1908-1923

M. Mücadele'de-ve and C. , , p.145

A. Emin, See also Kurnaz, Cumhuriyet Öncesinde Türk Kad?n?, p.81

F. Bulut, ?ttihat ve Terakki'de Milliyetçilik, Din ve Kad?n Tart??malar?, vol.1, p.35, 1999.

. Toprak, . Türkiye'de-millî, and . ?ktisat, , p.317

S. Kurnaz, I. I. Me?rutiyet-döneminde-türk, and . Kad?n?, , p.113

S. A. Ak, ?lk Profesyonel Kad?n Foto?rafç?m?z: Naciye Han?m, See also Bulut, ?ttihat ve Terakki'de, vol.1, p.35, 1985.

?. Bulut and . Terakki'de, , vol.1, p.35

K. Sinan-korle and . Günlerim, , p.90, 1997.

H. Eldem, . Ve-mütareke, and . Y?llar?nda, , p.79

O. K. Çak?r and . Hareketi, , pp.263-264

R. Yaraman, . Tarihten-kad?n, and . Tarihine, , p.105

K. Ta?ç?o?lu, . Sosyal-durumu-ve-kad?n, and . K?yafetleri, , pp.45-46

, For the transliterations of two articles in Türk Yurdu on these two new occupations of Turkish women, see Sad?k Albayrak, Me?rutiyet ?stanbul'unda Kad?n ve Sosyal De?i?im, pp.293-296, 2002.

N. Sar? and Z. Özayd?n, Türk Hem?ireli?ine Osmanl? Han?mefendileri'nin ve Hilâl-i Ahmer (K?z?lay)'in Deste?i, p.66, 1992.

N. Sar? and Z. Özayd?n, Dr. Besim Ömer Pa?a ve Kad?n Hastabak?c? E?itiminin Nedenleri II, p.73, 1992.

, The first school of nursing in the Ottoman Empire is opened by Americans in the [Admiral Bristol] American Hospital in ?stanbul in 1920, p.88, 1975.

Ö. Sar?, Türk Hem?ireli?ine Osmanl? Han?mefendileri'nin ve Hilâl-i Ahmer (K?z?lay)'in Deste?i, p.70

, See also Osmanl? Hilâl-i Ahmer Cemiyeti 1335-1919 Senesinde Mün'akid, Ahmed ?hsan ve ?ürekas? Matbaac?l?k Osmanl? ?irketi, pp.102-112, 1914.

Ö. Sar?, Türk Hem?ireli?ine Osmanl? Han?mefendileri'nin ve Hilâl-i Ahmer (K?z?lay)'in Deste?i, p.74

, TKA, 373/4, 5 Mart 1331, 1915.

K. Sönmez and . Yemeni, , p.41

, Osmanl? Hilâl-i Ahmer Cemiyeti 1335-1919 Senesinde Mün'akid, p.35

N. Sar? and Z. Özayd?n, Kad?n Hastabak?c?lar ve Osmanl? Toplumunda Uyand?rd??? Yank?lar, pp.10-13, 1992.

A. and B. Kls, According to Ahmed Emin the Battalion was constituted on 9, Turkey in the World War, issue.7, p.236, 1334.

A. and B. Kls, Dos. 7, Fih. 6-4, 10 Eylül 1333, 1544.

A. and B. Kls, Dos. 7, Fih. 6-4a, 10 Eylül 1333, 1544.

A. , B. , and K. , Dolap 62-22, Dos. 86-1, Fih. 1, 17-1. Quoted in Shaw, The Ottoman Empire in World War I, vol.129, p.341

A. and B. Kls, Dos. 217, Fih. 1-53, 23 A?ustos 1333, 1917.

A. and B. Kls, Dos. 217, Fih. 1-61, 24 Te?rîn-i Evvel 1333, 1917.

A. and B. Kls, Dos. 217, Fih. 1-62, 31 Te?rîn-i Sânî 1333, 1917.

W. Karak??la, War and Work in the Ottoman Empire, Toplumsal Tarih, vol.7, issue.41, p.15, 1997.

, Türkiye K?z?lay Derne?i 73 Y?ll?k Hayat?, pp.16-19, 1950.

. Çak?r, Osmanl? Türk Kad?nlar? Esirgeme Derne?i, pp.92-93

Y. Kurnaz, . Sürecinde-türk, and . Kad?n?, , p.119

, See for example women's shelter opened in Çekirge district of Bursa in 1918-1919, p.224

M. Çavdar, . Mücadele-ba?larken, and . Say?larla, , p.50

C. William and . Fuller, The Eastern Front, The Great War and the Twentieth Century, p.57, 2000.

B. and D. H. Umvm, , vol.119, pp.11-1336, 1919.

B. and D. H. , UMVM, 119/11, 5 Zilka'de 1336, 1918.

, Ca?alo?lu district in ?stanbul on 7, 1913.

O. K. Çak?r and . Hareketi, , p.49

. Ibid, , pp.49-50

I. I. Kurnaz, . Me?rutiyet-döneminde-türk, and . Kad?n?, , p.218

O. K. Çak?r and . Hareketi, , pp.54-55

N. Muhittin and T. Kad?n?, , p.49, 1931.

. Ibid, See also Türkiye Hilâl-i Ahmer Cemiyeti Han?mlar Merkezi Dârü's-sanâ'as?: Eytam ve Eramil-i ?ühedâ'ya Muavenet, p.3, 1923.

, TKA, 293/1, 1 Haziran 1329, 1913.

, Türkiye Hilâl-i Ahmer Cemiyeti Han?mlar Merkezi Dârü's-sanâ'as?, pp.4-5

. Ibid, , pp.13-18

. Ibid, , pp.24-25

B. Mutlu, . Dünya-sava??nda-amele, and . Taburlar?, , p.124

I. I. Kurnaz, . Me?rutiyet-döneminde-türk, and . Kad?n?, , p.221

W. Karak??la, War and Work in the Ottoman Empire, p.90

Y. Selim and K. , Harp Malulleri ve ?ehit Kad?n ve Çocuklar? Çal??t?rma Cemiyeti

, In 1926 another institution was founded as the Society for the Employment of Women and Children of War Veterans and Martyrs (Harb Malulleri ve ?ehit Kad?n ve Çocuklar? Çal??t?rma Cemiyeti), Toplumsal Tarih, vol.17, issue.99, p.20, 2002.

, Halide Nusret Zorlutuna also wrote about the war years as a period in which she had 1162 BOA, DH.?.UM.EK, 24/61, 2 Safer 1335, 1916.

. Jenkins, , pp.123-124

G. Ellison, Y. ?stanbul'da-bir-konak-ve, and . Kad?nlar, , p.148, 2009.

N. Rikkat and . Erkekle?me, Te?rîn-i Sânî 1334, Türk Kad?n?, issue.13, p.195, 1918.

A. Afetinan, The Emancipation of the Turkish Woman, p.42

. Sunata and Y. ?stanbul'da-??gal, , p.23

A. Afetinan, The Emancipation of the Turkish Woman, p.41

N. Abadan-unat, Social Change and Turkish Women, Women in Turkish Society, p.8, 1981.

I. I. Kurnaz, . Me?rutiyet-döneminde-türk, and . Kad?n?, , p.125

A. ?irani, Kad?nl???n Hayat-? ?ctimaiyesine ?ndirilen Darbeler-II, ?ttihat ve Terakki'de, vol.1, p.96, 1335.

Ö. Küçükerman, Anadolu'nun Geleneksel Hal? ve Dokuma Sanat? ?çinde Hereke Fabrikas?: Saray'dan Hereke'ye Giden Yol, p.55, 1987.

A. and B. Kls, Dos. 7, Fih. 6-5, 10 Eylül 1333, 1544.

, See for example the application of Hikmet Han?m as a guardian, vol.46, p.30

. Zilka'de, , 1339.

A. See and B. Kls, Dos. 1, Fih. 1-11, 17 Te?rîn-i Sânî 1333, and ATASE, BDH, Kls. 2623, Dos. 1, Fih. 1-31, 23 Te?rîn-i Sânî 1333, 1917.

W. Karak??la, War and Work in the Ottoman Empire, p.134

B. and D. M. Hps, , 1333.

M. Mücadele'de-ve and C. , , p.150

H. K?v?lc?ml?, Türkiye ??çi S?n?f?n?n Sosyal Varl??? (?stanbul: Sosyal ?nsan Yay?nlar?, p.51, 2008.

L. Eri?çi, Sosyal Tarih Ara?t?rmalar? (?stanbul: TÜSTAV, 2003), p.96

A. and B. Kls, Dos. 7, Fih. 6-12a, 10 Eylül 1333, 1544.

B. and H. R. Sys, See also Ellison, ?stanbul'da Bir Konak, p.73, 1916.

. ?kdam, Birinci Dünya Sava??nda Amele Taburlar?, pp.125-126, 1918.

M. Refik-halid-karay and . ?lelmihrab, , p.137, 1918.

B. and D. H. , UMVM, 117/95, 19 Rebîülâh?r 1340, 1921.

B. and D. H. Umvm, 115/62, 4 ?a'bân 1340, 1922.

, 1332-1333 Meclis-i Mebusan Encümen Mazbatalar? ve Levayih-i Kanuniyye, Devre: 3, ?çtima Senesi: 3, pp.575-580

S. Dârül-eytâm-müdüriyyet-i-umumiyyesi and . Bütçesi, 1332-1333 Meclis-i Mebusan Encümen Mazbatalar? ve Levayih-i Kanuniyye, Devre: 3, ?çtima Senesi: 4, vol.3, pp.170-171, 1922.

E. Toledano, Ottoman Slave Trade and Its Suppression, pp.281-282, 1982.

, 1242 See for example, pp.61-65

. Fatma-aliye and . Osmanl?'da-kad?n, , pp.23-26, 2009.

L. Simâvî, Te?rîfât ve Âdâb-? Muâ?eret, p.115, 2010.

L. Behmoaras and S. Dervi?, , p.42, 2008.

F. Özbay, Evlerde El K?zlar?: Cariyeler, Evlatl?klar, Gelinler, Feminist Tarihyaz?m?nda S?n?f ve Cinsiyet, writ. Leonore Davidoff, p.29

, Source: Organized using the data from A. Gündüz Ökçün, 1915.

?. Güzel, Tanzimat'tan Cumhuriyet'e Toplumsal De?i?im ve Kad?n, vol.3, p.871, 1985.

M. ?. Güzel, . Türkiye'de-??çi, and . Hareketi, , vol.69, p.91, 1996.

. Eri?çi, Sosyal Tarih Ara?t?rmalar?, p.95

K. Refik-halid, Sus Pay?, pp.134-135, 1990.

A. and B. Kls, Dos. 217, Fih. 1-54, 2 Eylül 1333, 1917.

A. and B. Kls, Dos. 217, Fih. 1-52, 11 Eylül 1333, 1917.

O. Makal, . ?mparatorlu?u'nda-Çal??ma, and . ?li?kileri, , pp.210-217

A. and B. Kls, Dos. 7, Fih. 6-6a, 10 Eylül 1333, 1544.

A. and B. Kls, Dos. 7, Fih. 6-13a, 10 Eylül 1333, 1544.

A. and B. Kls, Dos. 7, Fih. 6-8, 10 Eylül 1333, 1544.

A. and B. Kls, Dos. 7, Fih. 6-14, 10 Eylül 1333, 1544.

A. and B. Kls, Dos. 7, Fih. 6-9a, 10 Eylül 1333, 1544.

A. and B. Kls, Dos. 217, Fih. 1-57, 1941.

A. and B. Kls, Dos. 217, Fih. 6-12a, 10 Eylül 1333, 1917.

B. and D. U. , , vol.120, 1921.

. Toprak, The Family, Feminism and the State, pp.449-451

A. and B. Kls, Osmanl? Kad?nlar? Çal??t?rma Cemiyeti: Kad?n Askerler ve Millî Aile, Dos. 7, Fih. 6-10, 10 Eylül 1333, pp.36-37, 1544.

A. and B. Kls, Dos. 7, Fih. 6-8, 10 Eylül 1333, 1544.

B. Mutlu, . Dünya-sava??nda-amele, and . Taburlar?, , p.128

Y. Selim and K. , The Emergence of the Ottoman Industrial Working Class, Workers and the Working Class in the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic, pp.1839-1950

D. Quataert and E. J. Zürcher, New York: I.B. Tauris Publishers in association with The International Institute of Social History Amsterdam, pp.19-22, 1995.

P. Dumont, Toplum ve Bilim, issue.3, p.32, 1977.

. Karak??la, The Emergence of the Ottoman Industrial Working Class, p.31

. Gülmez and . Türkiye'de, , pp.31-36, 1936.

. Ibid, , pp.36-37

. Güzel, . Türkiye'de-??çi, and . Hareketi, , p.106

, According to Dimit?r ?i?manov there was no real socialist movement in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. See Dimit?r ?i?manov, Türkiye ??çi ve Sosyalist Hareketi: K?sa Tarih, pp.55-58, 1990.

. Karak??la, The Emergence of the Ottoman Industrial Working Class, p.25

P. Dumont, La révolution impossible: les courants d'opposition en Anatolie, vol.19, p.143, 1920.
DOI : 10.3406/cmr.1978.1310

, Türkiye Hilâl-i Ahmer Cemiyeti Han?mlar Merkezi Dârü's-sanâ'as?, p.10

. Ibid, , p.12

B. and D. H. Kms, , vol.42, 1916.

B. and M. F. Mtk, , 1916.

U. Çolak and I. I. Me?rutiyet'ten-cumhuriyet'e-bas?nda, Elimde i?ne kalem var da ben de muhtac?m Yetim Vedad'?m ile k?rk sekiz saattir aç?m Çal??mak isterim i? yok, p.59, 1320.

Y. Nezihe, Ekmek Kömür ?htiyac?, Nâzikter, issue.2, p.1, 1919.

T. Yüceer, . Anlat?lar?yla-bursa, and . Tarihi, , p.65

E. Johnson, Constantinople To-day, p.354

B. Horváth, Anadolu 1913, trans. Tar?k Demirkan (?stanbul: Tarih Vakf? Yurt Yay?nlar?, pp.55-56, 1996.

E. Johnson, Constantinople To-day, p.356

. Ibid, , pp.358-359

. Ibid, , pp.359-360

, of prostitution as a discursive strategy for supporting Ottoman Muslim middle-class women's entry in work life. See Elif Mahir Metinsoy, 21. Yüzy?l?n E?i?inde Kad?nlar, De?i?im ve Güçlenme: Türk Kad?n?n?n Seçme ve Seçilme Hakk?n? Al???n?n 75. Y?ldönümünde Uluslararas? Multidisipliner Kad?n Kongresi, vol.5, p.33, 1918.

. Akbaba, Quoted in Turgut Çeviker, Geli?im Sürecinde Türk Karikatürü, vol.3, issue.15, p.302, 1923.

, Giovanni Scognamillo, Beyo?lu'nda Fuhu?, p.47, 1994.

Z. Toprak, Fuhu?: Osmanl? Dönemi, Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakf? Yay?nlar?, vol.3, p.344, 1993.

E. Hiçy?lmaz, E. ?stanbul'da, and M. , , vol.2, pp.57-58, 1991.

H. Asan and . Dinamo, , p.17

O. Eliçin, ;. Sava??rken, and K. Boratav, Anadolu Köyünde Sava? ve Y?k?m: Bekir Eliçin'in Roman?n?n Ö?rettikleri ve Dü?ündürdükleri, Toplum ve Bilim, p.64, 1982.

, See for example teachers Bedia, Fazilet and Hatice Sabri who had to leave their position in Edirne Women Teachers' Training College. BOA, DH.UMVM, 42/107, 6 Zilhicce 1338, 1920.

, See also the example of teacher Meryem Resmiye who had to leave the same school in similar dates. BOA, DH.UMVM, 42/139, 24 Zilhicce 1338, 1920.

, See for example, deputy principal Hatice Subhiye who had to leave her position in Edirne Women Teachers' Training College. BOA, DH.UMVM, 42/138, 24 Zilhicce 1338, 1920.

, See for example, midwife Selviye who had to leave her job in Demirköy district in EdirneK?rkkilise. BOA, DH.UMVM, 43/16, 25 Zilhicce 1338, 1920.

, See for example, the petition of the teacher Ay?e who had to leave her position in the Tekirda? Girls' Craft School (Tekirda? ?nâs Marifet Mektebi). BOA, DH.UMVM, 41/51, 2 Safer 1339, 1920.

, See for example, the petition of the teacher Faz?la ?brahim who had to leave together with many other civil servants her position in Edirne Women Teachers' Training College. She demands her salary of the month, 1922.

S. See-for-example, head teacher of Karamürsel School for Girls, and Muazzez who worked in the same school as second teacher, BOA, DH.UMVM, 165/91, 1 Cemâziyelevvel, p.1340

H. ?ehnur, , 1920.

, Seniha, teacher of Adapazar? Sabiha Han?m Model School for Girls (Adapazar? Sabiha Han?m K?zlar Nümune Mektebi), BOA, DH.UMVM, 166/41, 5 ?aban 1340, 1922.

Z. Melahat, . Teacher, and . Orhangazi,

. Ay?e, teacher of Tekfurda?-? Kebir Primary School for Girls, BOA, DH.UMVM, 163/108, 30 Zilhicce, p.1338, 1920.

. Melek, . Guardian-of-orhangazi-women's-prison, D. M. Boa, and . Hps, There are many other demands for accrued salaries not mentioned in here but need further study in the Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives. 1381 BOA, DH.UMVM, 156/53, pp.133-149, 1918.

B. See and D. H. , UMVM, 163/6, 4 Receb 1338, 1920.

B. and D. H. , UMVM, 40/34, 30 Zilkâde 1337, 1919.

O. K. Çak?r and . Hareketi, , pp.72-74, 1986.

. Georgeon, Harp Maliyesi ve Milli ?ktisat: 1918 Osmanl? ?ç ?stikraz?, p.165

. Criss, Istanbul under Allied Occupation, pp.118-121

K. A. Y?ld?z and . Anadolu, , pp.21-50

K. Sar?han and . Sava??-kad?nlar?, , pp.76-109

, Mothers motivate their sons to fight against the enemy using their authority. See Sönmez, K?z?l Toprak Ak Yemeni, Hât?ra ve Foto?raflarla Büyük Vatan Müdâfaas? Çanakkale Cephesi, pp.52-53, 2008.

?. Tansel, . Harbi'nde-mücâhit, and . Kad?nlar?m?z, , pp.25-55

M. Mücadele'de-ve and C. , ?lk Y?llar?nda Kad?nlar?m?z, pp.121-129

C. Çaka, Harp ve Kad?n, p.41, 1948.

M. Arif and A. ?nk?lâb?, Milli Mücadele An?lar?, p.23, 1919.

M. Alagöz, . Mücadele'de-k?nal?, and . Eller, , pp.75-82

K. M?s?ro?lu and . Milliye, , pp.85-152

N. ?ahiner and . Tarihi-de?i?tiren-kad?nlar, , pp.91-149, 2008.

M. Köylü, G. Kurtulu?un, and . Kahramanlar?, , pp.145-150, 2007.

?. Tansel, . Harbi'nde-mücâhit, and . Kad?nlar?m?z, , pp.55-76

B. and D. ?. Um, , vol.9, p.1333, 1915.

B. , D. ?. Um, and . Ek, , vol.18, pp.5-1334, 1916.

E. See-for-example and . Sorguç, ?stiklâl Harbi Hât?rat? Kaybolan Filistin: Yd. P. T?m. ?brahim Sorguç'un An?lar?, vol.2, p.140, 1996.

B. and D. ?. Um, , pp.59-62, 1333.

, Mükellefiyyet-i Ziraiyye Hakk?nda Lâyiha-i Kanuniyye, 1332-1333 Meclis-i Mebusan Encümen Mazbatalar? ve Levayih-i Kanuniyye, Devre: 3, ?çtima Senesi: 3, p.534

A. , War and Society under the Young Turks, pp.278-279

?. Toprak, . Ve-cihan, and . Harbi, , p.85

B. and D. H. , EUM.3.?b, 2/56, 17 Zilhicce 1332, 1914.

B. , D. ?. Um, and . Ek, , 1917.

. Pamuk, The Ottoman Economy in World War I, p.122

. Ibid, For the production rates and total production areas before the war, see also, Tevfik Güran, Osmanl? Dönemi Tar?m ?statistikleri 1909, 1913 ve 1914 / Agricultural Statistics of Turkey during the Ottoman Period, p.120, 1997.

. Eldem, Cihan Harbinin ve ?stiklal Sava??n?n Ekonomik Sorunlar?, p.379

. Justice, Halil, such peasants were to be punished with imprisonment from six months to three years or pay fines from 50 to 500 Ottoman liras. 1442 Despite such legal

?. Toprak, . Ve-cihan, and . Harbi, , p.82

. Pamuk, The Ottoman Economy in World War I, p.124

K. Çamurdan, . Sava??nda-do?u-kilikya, and . Olaylar?, , p.84

, 1333 Meclis-i Umumînin Mün'akit Olmad??? Esnada Hey'et-i Vükelâca Bâ-?rade-i Seniye Mevki-i ?crâya Konulan Mukarrerat, p.25, 1992.

, 1332-1333 Meclis-i Mebusan Encümen Mazbatalar? ve Levayih-i Kanuniyye, Devre: 3, ?çtima Senesi: 4, p. 367. 1452 "Meclis-i Mebusâna Îtâ Edilip Haklar?nda ?stid'a Encümenince Mukarrerât ?ttihaz Edilen ?stid'alar? Mübeyyin Haftal?k Cedveldir, Sene: 1334 Meclis-i Mebusan Encümen Mazbatalar? ve Levayih-i Kanuniyye, vol.2, p.345

B. , D. ?. Um, and . Ek, , vol.80, pp.25-1334, 1916.

A. Ceza-kanunnamesine-müzeyyel-layiha-i-kanuniyye, Meclis-i Mebusan, vol.1331, 1915.

, Asakir Taraf?ndan ?ka Olunan Cerâim-i Adiyenin Merci-i Tahkik ve Muhakemesi Hakk?nda Kararname, 1333 Meclis-i Umumînin Mün'akit Olmad??? Esnada Hey'et-i Vükelâca Bâ?rade-i Seniye Mevki-i ?crâya Konulan Mukarrerat, Cüz: 1, Levâyih-i Kanuniye-i Âdiye, vol.1, pp.22-24

K. Çamurdan, . Sava??nda-do?u-kilikya, and . Olaylar?, , p.83

A. Sar?koyuncu and M. Mücadele'de-zonguldak-ve-havalisi, Kültür Bakanl??? Yay?nlar?, 1992), p. 300, 351. 1501 "Sonra, analar?m?z dahi ka?n? arabalar? ile Mengen'e malzeme ta??d?lar, p.365, 1502.

Ü. Türke? and K. Sava??nda-mu?la, 2 (?stanbul: Yelken Matbaas? for the series, Mu?la ?li Toplum Yap?s? Ara?t?rmalar?, vol.1, pp.392-393, 1973.

, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315 Tevellütlülerden Evsâf-? Muayeneyi Haiz Olanlar?n ?htiyat Zâbiti veya Küçük Zâbit Olarak Yeti?tirilmek Üzere Celbleri Hakk?ndaki Dört K?t'a Karar-? Muvakkat? Tevhiden Askerî Encümenince Tanzim K?l?nan Lâyiha-i Kanuniyye, vol.1, pp.1332-1333

. Meclis-i-mebusan-encümen-mazbatalar?-ve-levayih-i-kanuniyye, Devre: 3, ?çtima Senesi: 3, p.425

, 1332-1333 Meclis-i Mebusan Encümen Mazbatalar? ve Levayih-i Kanuniyye, Devre: 3, ?çtima Senesi: 3, pp. 379-380; and "Sinn-i Mukayyedlerine Göre Vâs?l-? Mükellefiyyet Olmad?klar? Halde Hizmet-i Askeriyyeye Elveri?li Bulunanlar?n Celbi Hakk?nda Kanûn-? Muvakkat, 1332-1333 Meclis-i Mebusan Encümen Mazbatalar? ve Levayih-i Kanuniyye, Devre: 3, ?çtima Senesi: 4, vol.1507, p.24, 1508.

T. Düstûr and . Sânî, Sinn-i Mukayyedlerine Göre Vâs?l-? Mükellefiyyet Olmad?klar? Halde Hizmet-i Askeriyyeye Elveri?li Bulunanlar?n Celbine Dâir 26 Zilhicce 1334 Tarihli Kanûn-? Muvakkat?n Reddi Hakk?nda Meclis-i Meb'ûsân Karârnâmesi, Düstûr, Tertîb-i Sânî, vol.8, pp.142-1512, 1916.

. See-for-example, O. Eliçin, and . Sava??rken, Mükellefiyyet-i Askerriyyenin Elli Ya??na Kadar Temdidi Hakk?nda Layiha-i Kanuniyye, Senesi Encümen Mazbatalar? ve Levâyih-i Kanuniyye, vol.1514, pp.364-365, 1915.

B. , D. H. Sn, and . Thr, 56/8, 17 Zilka'de 1332, 1914.

, Devre: 3, ?çtima Senesi: 3, pp. 350-351; and "Efrad-? ?htiyatiyye ve Müstahfazadan Bedel-i Nakdî Vermi? Olanlar?n ?htiyac-? Mübrem Halinde Taht-? Silâha Al?nmas? Hakk?nda Lâyiha-i Kanuniyye, Efrâd-? ?htiyâtiyye ve Müstahfazadan Bedel-i Nakdî Vermi? Olanlar?n ?htiyac-? Mübrem Halinde Taht-? Silaha Al?nmas? Hakk?nda Kanûn-? Muvakkat, vol.8, p.142, 1916.

, Muâfiyyet-i Askeriyye Vergisi Hakk?nda Lâyiha-i Kanuniyye, 1332-1333 Meclis-i Mebusan Encümen Mazbatalar? ve Levayih-i Kanuniyye, Devre: 3, ?çtima Senesi: 3, vol.1519, pp.404-406

M. K. Avc?o?lu and . Tarihi, , vol.3, p.951

. Hikmet, Milli Azadl?k Sava?? An?lar?, p.13

. Macfie, The End of the Ottoman Empire, p.150

. Pamuk, The Ottoman Economy in World War I, p.117

S. Nuri, Ç. Siperlerinden, and . Yönetimine, , p.120

A. Kaylan and Ç. Beni, For some oral history accounts of the hunger of Ottoman soldiers during World War I see also, Cahit Önder, Do?umunun 100. Y?l?nda Atatürk'ün Silah Arkada?lar?, Yaz?r Matbaac?l?k Koll. ?ti, pp.78-79, 1976.

S. Nuri, Ç. Siperlerinden, and . Yönetimine, , pp.132-133

G. Sunata and . Kafkaslara, , p.299

S. Temel, Harp ve Sosyal Davalar?m?z (?stanbul: ?ktisadi Yürüyü? Matbaas? ve Ne?riyat Yurdu, p.12, 1947.

V. Mehmet-arif-Ölçen and . Irma??, Çarl?k Rusyas?nda Bir Türk Sava? Tutsa??n?n An?lar?, pp.22-34, 1994.

, For the insufficiency of the roads, see Pamuk, p.121

E. Ataman and . Y?llar?, , p.46

E. Göze, E. Rusya'da-Üç, and . Y?l?, Bir Türk Subay?n?n Hat?ralar?, pp.51-52, 1989.

A. Emin, ;. Erik, and J. Zürcher, Between Death and Desertion: The Ottoman Army in World War I, Turkey in the World War, vol.28, p.257, 1996.

A. Emin, Turkey in the World War, p.261

N. ?nceo?lu and S. Mektuplar?, , pp.78-80, 2001.

M. Kars and . Mücadele'de-kayseri, , pp.7-8

, Enver Pasha recalls in his memoirs that long before World War I, on the eve of the Revolution of 1908, he had met a private soldier who was worried about his family left without any breadwinner

C. Halil-erdo?an, Enver Pa?a'n?n An?lar?, pp.100-101, 1991.

, Meclis-i Mebusâna Îtâ Edilip Haklar?nda ?stidâ Encümenince Mukarrerat ?ttihaz Edilen ?stidâlar? Mübeyyin Haftal?k Cetveldir, 1332-1333 Meclis-i Mebusan Encümen Mazbatalar? ve Levayih-i Kanuniyye, Devre: 3, ?çtima Senesi: 4, p.336

B. Tekin, . Dünya-sava??, and . An?lar?, , pp.18-19

K. Yurtsever and . Tarihi, , p.134

. Turkish-boatmen-mutiny, Women Make Hostile Demonstration Before German Consulate, New York Times, 1914.

, Bizim kocalar?m?z, babalar?m?z da demek böyle ölüyorlar, Orhan Kemal'in Babas? Abdülkadir Kemali'nin An?lar?, pp.209-210

T. Yüceer, . Anlat?lar?yla-bursa, and . Tarihi, , p.325

G. Sunata and . Kafkaslara, , p.446

, Düstûr, Tertîb-i Sânî, vol.8, p.440, 1916.

U. Ö?ün, . Bir-göç, and . Trajedisi, , p.51

. See-for-instance, O. Eliçin, and . Sava??rken, , vol.37, pp.65-66

. Ibid, , pp.72-73

K. Çamurdan, . Sava??nda-do?u-kilikya, and . Olaylar?, , p.83

B. and D. H. Hm?, 29 Safer 1335, pp.3-4, 1916.

, BOA, DH.EUM.6.?b, vol.12, p.9

, Rebîülevvel 1335, 1917.

B. and D. E. , ?b, 20/33, 18 Zilka'de 1335, 1917.

B. and D. H. , HM?, 3/1-69, 6 ?a'bân 1335, 1917.

, Emrâz-? Zühreviyyenin Men'-i Sirâyeti Hakk?nda Nizâmnâme, 5 Te?rîn-i Evvel, vol.1331, issue.9

, Zilhicce 1333, vol.7, pp.769-770, 1915.

. Ibid, , pp.6-7

. Ibid, , pp.12-13

M. Ergin and . Umûr-i-belediyye, , vol.6, pp.3303-3306

B. and D. M. Hps, , vol.98, pp.22-1338, 1919.

E. Johnson, Constantinople To-day, pp.363-365

M. Ergin and . Umûr-i-belediyye, , vol.6, pp.3469-3470

B. and D. E. Ay?, , vol.55, pp.5-1339, 1921.

Y. Berber, . Onbinlerin-gölgesinde-bir, and . Sancak, , pp.101-102

J. See-for-example and E. , Constantinople To-day, p.365

, Celal Nuri, Kad?nlar?m?z, trans. from Ottoman Turkish by Özer Ozankaya, p.120, 1993.

Y. Karaosmano?lu, , p.110, 2001.

G. Sunata and . Kafkaslara, , pp.434-435

A. ?irani, Kad?nl???n Hayat-? ?ctimaiyesine ?ndirilen Darbeler-II, ?ttihat ve Terakki'de, vol.1, p.97

B. and M. V. , , vol.73, 1916.

Z. Nu?irevan, Türk Âleminde: Eski?ehir Sanca??nda Nüfus Hareketleri, Türk Yurdu, vol.11, issue.125, pp.3288-3293, 1917.

, Kütahya province was forced to continue medical examination. 1619 Furthermore

B. and D. ?. Um, 28 Cemâziyelevvel 1336, pp.19-20, 1918.

, Nikâhtan Evvel Muayene Usulünün Devam ve Tarz? ?cras? Hakk?nda Kararname, Düstûr, Üçüncü Tertip, vol.1, p.28, 1920.

B. and D. H. Umvm, , pp.63-76, 1920.

, Firenginin Men ve Tahdidi Sirayeti Hakk?nda Kanun

, Düstûr, Üçüncü Tertip, vol.1, pp.206-207, 1921.

?. Do?an and O. Ailesi, , pp.139-140, 2001.

, 23 ?ubat 1331 / 2 Cemâziyelevvel 1334, vol.8, pp.478-482, 1916.

, Cüzâm, Beras ve Emsâli ?lletlerle Ma'lûliyyeti Halinde Zevcenin Fesh-i Nikâh? Talebe Salâhiyyeti Hakk?nda ?râde-i Seniyye, vol.8, pp.853-857, 1916.

. Hukuk-i-Âile and . Karârnâmesi, 25 Te?rîn-i Evvel 1333 / 8 Muharrem 1336, 1917.

T. Düstûr and . Sânî, Hukuk-u Âile Karârnâmesine Müteallik Muâmelât-? ?dâriyye Hakk?nda Nizâmnâme, vol.9, pp.762-781

, Düstûr, Tertîb-i Sânî, vol.10, pp.52-57, 1917.

, For similar interpretations, see Kurnaz, Yenile?me Sürecinde Türk Kad?n?, pp.120-123

?. Kurnaz and C. Kad?n?, ?stanbul: Milli E?itim Bakanl??? Yay?nlar?, 1997); and Toprak, The Family, Feminism, and the State, pp.450-452

O. Do?an and . Ailesi, , pp.82-83

, Madde 38-Üzerine evlenmemek ve evlendi?i surette kendisi veya ikinci kad?n bo? olmak ?art?yla bir kad?n? tezvic sahih ve ?art-? muteberdir, 25 Te?rîn-i Evvel 1333 / 8 Muharrem 1336, vol.9, p.774, 1628.

I. I. Kurnaz, . Me?rutiyet-döneminde-türk, and . Kad?n?, , p.109

C. Thompson and . Citizens, See also the memoirs of ?dris Erdinç as a little boy during World War I. His mother left home after such a false report, Akgül, pp.11-12

B. and D. ?. Um, 22 Receb 1337, pp.19-25, 1919.

. See-for-example, D. ?. Boa, and . Um,