Qarabağ Azadlıq Təşkilatı. “Qarabağ dünən, bu gün və sabah” 20-ci elmi-əməli konfransının materialları toplusu. Bakı, 2021, 239–256, səh. 570 Migration processes at the Caucasus: the reasons, course of events, and outcomes Summary The article deals with the study of the problem of migration processes in the Caucasus, particularly, it emphasizes the reasons for the division of Azerbaijan territory into Northern and Southern. The terms of agreements signed in the XIX century between Russian Empire and Persian State of Gadgars caused the migration processes, and particularly, displacement of the Armenian population from the territory of Iran and Ottoman Empire to the lands of Northern Azerbaijan, and Karabakh in particular, with the view to changing the ethnic and religious composition of the region. As a result of this policy, the local Azerbaijan population was displaced and deported. This process went on until the 1990th and was accompanied by the occupation of historic Azerbaijan and Georgia / Sakartvelo lands, which is certified by a number of archive documents and witnesses. It is worth mentioning that the hardest moment in this situation was that the local population, particularly, children, women, and elderly people underwent tortures and physical destruction from the Arminian armed groups, which is considered to be genocide and deprivation of the right to live in the native homes. The continuous liberation struggle of the Azerbaijan nation resulted in the breakout of Civil war on 27 September 2020. Key words: history, migration, the Caucasus, international relations, rights, war, peace
Beam
• A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads
applied laterally to its axis
• Its primary mode of deflection is bending
Types of beams
• Simply Supported Beam
• Fixed beam
Types of beams
• Overhanging Beam
• Cantilever beam
Continuous Beam
• Beams are made continuous over supports to increase the
structural integrity
• In regions with high seismic risk , continuous beams and
frames are preferred in buildings and bridges
• It is a statically indeterminate structure
Design Steps
1. Depth of beam
As specified in IS:456-2000, Vertical deflection should not be
more than [Span/350 or 20 mm].
Above condition is satisfied if Span/Depth ratio is kept not
more than 26
Generally continuous beams carry very heavy DL and LL so in
practical Span/Depth ratio is kept 10 to 15
If a higher Span/Depth ratio is used, it will give a shallow
depth requiring high percentage of steel
2. Effective Span
According to IS:456-2000
For support width less than 1/12th of clear span:
Effective span= Clear span + Eff. depth of beam
or Whichever
is less
Distance between centre of
supports
b. For end span having one end free and other continuous
1
Effective span= Clear span + 2
Effective depth
or
1 Whichever
Clear span+ Width of discontinuous is less
2
support
For continuous monolithic frames :
Effective span= Center line distance between members
3. Load Calculation
• DL on beam has to be calculated due to self wt. of slab and
floor finish
• Factored values of DL and LL are calculated
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